閱讀測驗大解析
2019/01/06
閱讀測驗大解析 By May 老師通常閱讀產生困難，不外乎是因為
(一) 不懂單字
(二) 不懂文法
(三) 不懂典故
但還有一個學生常面臨到的問題是單字、文法都能理解，內容也不艱澀，卻仍沒有辦法在短時間內了解文章內容，需要經過第二次，甚至第三次的閱讀方能理解，或是理解之後在短時間內把內容忘得一乾二淨。
那學生該如何克服以上提到的閱讀障礙呢?
嘗試 “視讀” [形(英文) -> 義(中文)]
這是普遍被認為最快速有效的閱讀方式，因為不管是朗讀或是默念，
學生往往會花大量精神專注於字的發音，而不是其意思。
至於學生該如何快速將英文轉換為較容易理解的母語中文，
則要依照英文文字順序，適當切割字串並將字串以合乎中文語法的方式翻譯出來。
學生以中文語意理解之後，往往印象較為深刻。
圖片來源：https://reurl.cc/xQ7Qb
其實英文的五大基本句型與中文結構內容一致，直接翻譯即可。
學生需要著重練習的是如何將修飾語(Modifier)和副詞語(Adverbial)從句子中分割開來。
英文五大句型:
S +V
S+V+C
S+V+DO
S+V+IO+DO
S+V+DO+OC
假若學生能夠掌握三種從屬子句(名詞/形容詞/副詞子句)和五種片語(介係詞片語/同位語/動名詞片語/不定詞片語/分詞片語)便能有效地分割字串並找出句子重點。
Example:
In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself. (TPO 15)
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. In a turtle's countercurrent exchange system, outgoing vessels lie near enough to ingoing ones that heat can be exchanged from the former to the latter before reaching the turtle's flippers.
B. Within the turtle's flippers, there is a countercurrent exchange system that allows colder blood vessels to absorb heat from nearby warmer blood vessels and then return warmed blood to the turtle's body.
C. In a countercurrent exchange system, a turtle can pick up body heat from being close enough to other turtles, thus raising its blood temperature as it passes them.
D. When a turtle places its flippers close to its body, it is able to use its countercurrent exchange system to transfer heat from the warmer blood vessels in its body to the cooler blood vessels in its flippers.
托福閱讀幾乎每一篇都會有一題換句話說題。學生往往會因為句子太長而看了好幾遍仍抓不到重點。
但是，如果把這個句子分割成字串，就容易理解多了。
In a countercurrent exchange system, (介係詞片語) 在逆流交換系統中
the blood vessels [carrying cooled blood from the flippers] (主詞加修飾語) 夾帶鰭部冷血的血管
run close enough to the blood vessels [carrying warm blood from the body] (動詞+修飾語+介系詞片語+修飾語) 離夾帶身體溫血的血管足夠近
to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; (不定詞片語) 而能從溫血血管吸收熱能
thus, (因果關係的連接副詞) 因此
the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels (主詞+動詞+介系詞片語) 熱能被轉移，從往外(由身體往鰭部)到往內(由鰭部往體內)的血管
before it reaches the flipper itself. 在它(血液)到達鰭之前。
*在翻譯過程中，只要遇到代名詞都需要轉換成它代表的名詞。
翻完之後會發現，答案只有A是完全符合的。 不知道同學們答對了嗎?
從以上的例題可以看到，英文的修飾語翻成中文往往需要倒著翻，
所以如果對於修飾語不熟悉，就可能會把作為分詞的carrying當作動詞而看得暈頭轉向。
